Listing some contents with examples: 

Listing directory contents: 

ls    list a directory
ls -l    list a directory in long ( detailed ) format

   for example:
$ ls -l
drwxr-xr-x    4 cliff    user        1024 Jun 18 09:40 WAITRON_EARNINGS
-rw-r--r--    1 cliff    user      767392 Jun  6 14:28 scanlib.tar.gz
^ ^  ^  ^     ^   ^       ^           ^      ^    ^      ^
| |  |  |     |   |       |           |      |    |      |
| |  |  |     | owner   group       size   date  time    name
| |  |  |     number of links to file or directory contents
| |  |  permissions for world
| |  permissions for members of group
| permissions for owner of file: r = read, w = write, x = execute -=no permission
type of file: - = normal file, d=directory, l = symbolic link, and others...

ls -a        List the current directory including hidden files. Hidden files start
             with "."
ls -ld *     List all the file and directory names in the current directory using
             long format. Without the "d" option, ls would list the contents
             of any sub-directory of the current. With the "d" option, ls
             just lists them like regular files. 

Changing file permissions and attributes 

chmod 755 file       Changes the permissions of file to be rwx for the owner, and rx for
                     the group and the world. (7 = rwx = 111 binary. 5 = r-x = 101 binary)
chgrp user file      Makes file belong to the group user.
chown cliff file     Makes cliff the owner of file.
chown -R cliff dir   Makes cliff the owner of dir and everything in its directory tree. 

You must be the owner of the file/directory or be root before you can do any of these things. 

Viewing and editing files: 

cat filename      Dump a file to the screen in ascii.
more filename     Progressively dump a file to the screen: ENTER = one line down
                  SPACEBAR = page down  q=quit
less filename     Like more, but you can use Page-Up too. Not on all systems.
vi filename       Edit a file using the vi editor. All UNIX systems will have vi in some form.
emacs filename    Edit a file using the emacs editor. Not all systems will have emacs.
head filename     Show the first few lines of a file.
head -n  filename Show the first n lines of a file.
tail filename     Show the last few lines of a file.
tail -n filename  Show the last n lines of a file.

Environment variables 

You can teach your shell to remember things for later using environment variables.
For example under the bash shell:

export CASROOT=/usr/local/CAS3.0               Defines the variable CASROOT with the value
                                               /usr/local/CAS3.0.
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$CASROOT/Linux/lib      Defines the variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH with
                                               the value of CASROOT with /Linux/lib appended,
                                               or /usr/local/CAS3.0/Linux/lib 

By prefixing $ to the variable name, you can evaluate it in any command:

cd $CASROOT         Changes your present working directory to the value of CASROOT

echo $CASROOT       Prints out the value of CASROOT, or /usr/local/CAS3.0
printenv CASROOT    Does the same thing in bash and some other shells. 

Pipes: 

The pipe symbol "|" is used to direct the output of one command to the input
of another.

For example:

ls -l | more   This commands takes the output of the long format directory list command
               "ls -l" and pipes it through the more command (also known as a filter).
               In this case a very long list of files can be viewed a page at a time.

du -sc * | sort -n | tail
               The command "du -sc" lists the sizes of all files and directories in the
               current working directory. That is piped through "sort -n" which orders the
               output from smallest to largest size. Finally, that output is piped through "tail"
               which displays only the last few (which just happen to be the largest) results.
 

The Blog-Health-o-Meter™ reads Wow.

Crunchy numbers

The average container ship can carry about 4,500 containers. This blog was viewed about 16,000 times in 2010. If each view were a shipping container, your blog would have filled about 4 fully loaded ships.

In 2010, there were 12 new posts, growing the total archive of this blog to 67 posts. There were 4 pictures uploaded, taking up a total of 122kb.

The busiest day of the year was October 27th with 95 views. The most popular post that day was [Linux] Crontab every five minutes.

Where did they come from?

The top referring sites in 2010 were embraceubuntu.com, google.co.in, social.msdn.microsoft.com, google.com, and tanveer.awardspace.com.

Some visitors came searching, mostly for crontab every 5 minutes, cron every 5 minutes, cakephp https, cakephp paypal, and cakephp ssl.

Attractions in 2010

These are the posts and pages that got the most views in 2010.

[Linux] Crontab every five minutes July 2008
7 comments

CakePHP: Creating a route usage https (SSL connection) July 2008
24 comments and 1 Like on WordPress.com,

warning: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID d66b746e April 2008
2 comments

how to implement paypal in cakephp? January 2010
2 comments

Implementing Google federated login using Hybrid Protocol (OpenID+OAuth) June 2010
4 comments and 2 Likes on WordPress.com

There’s no dearth of clipboard management applications. These are usually tools that let you copy and paste multiple snippets of text, append text to your clipboard, or manage images and other rich content in all sorts of clever ways.

Pasteboard doesn’t even try to compete with that sort of functionality. It’s a single-file application (if you don’t count the readme and the PDF manual) that is free, portable, and — at just 964KB of RAM on my system — very lightweight.

All it does is give you 10 text fields that you can copy and paste text into. When you close the application, the content of each field is automatically saved, and will show up the next time you run Pasteboard. It’s stored as plain text, too — so if you need to strip links or formatting off of text that you copied from a website, you can just paste it into Pasteboard.

This is nothing you couldn’t do with Stickies or with a ton of other applications, but Pasteboard is simple, lightweight, and it does what it says on the tin.

Source : DownloadSquad
Provided By: tanveer.com.co.in